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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Fishing_and_fisheries
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1992-09-03
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Fisheries can be classified by (1) type of
water: freshwater (lake, river, pond); marine
(inshore, midwater, deep sea); (2) catch: for
example salmon fishing, (3) fishing method:
diving, stunning or poisoning, harpooning,
trawling, drifting. marine fishing The
greatest proportion of the world's catch
comes from the oceans. The primary production
area is the photic zone, the relatively thin
surface layer (50 m/164 ft) of water that can
be penetrated by light, allowing
photosynthesis by plant plankton to take
place. Plankton-eating fish tend to be small
in size and include herrings and sardines.
Demersal fishes, such as haddock, halibut,
and cod, live primarily near the ocean floor,
and feed on various invertebrate marine
animals. Over 20 million tonnes of them are
caught each year by trawling. Pelagic fish,
such as tuna, live in the open sea, near the
surface, and purse seine nets are used to
catch them; the annual catch is over 30
million tonnes a year. freshwater fishing
There is large demand for salmon, trout,
carp, eel, bass, pike, perch, and catfish.
These inhabit ponds, lakes, rivers, or
swamps, and some species have been
successfully cultivated (fish farming).
methods Lines, seine nets, and lift nets are
the common commercial methods used. Purse
seine nets, which close like a purse and may
be as long as 30 nautical miles, have caused
a crisis in the S Pacific where Japan,
Taiwan, and South Korea fish illegally in
other countries' fishing zones. history Until
the introduction of refrigeration, fish was
too perishable to be exported, and fishing
met local needs only. Between 1950 and 1970,
the global fish catch increased by an average
of 7% each year. On refrigerated factory
ships, filleting and processing can be done
at sea. Japan evolved new techniques for
locating shoals (by sonar and radar) and
catching them (for example, with electrical
charges and chemical baits). By the 1970s,
indiscriminate overfishing had led to serious
depletion of stocks, and heated
confrontations between countries using the
same fishing grounds. A partial solution was
the extension of fishing limits to 320 km/200
mi. The North Sea countries have experimented
with the artificial breeding of fish eggs and
release of small fry into the sea.
Overfishing of the NE Atlantic led, in 1988,
to hundreds of thousands of starving seals on
the N coast of Norway. Marine pollution is
blamed for the increasing number (up to 30%)
of diseased fish in the North Sea.