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- Fisheries can be classified by (1) type of
- water: freshwater (lake, river, pond); marine
- (inshore, midwater, deep sea); (2) catch: for
- example salmon fishing, (3) fishing method:
- diving, stunning or poisoning, harpooning,
- trawling, drifting. marine fishing The
- greatest proportion of the world's catch
- comes from the oceans. The primary production
- area is the photic zone, the relatively thin
- surface layer (50 m/164 ft) of water that can
- be penetrated by light, allowing
- photosynthesis by plant plankton to take
- place. Plankton-eating fish tend to be small
- in size and include herrings and sardines.
- Demersal fishes, such as haddock, halibut,
- and cod, live primarily near the ocean floor,
- and feed on various invertebrate marine
- animals. Over 20 million tonnes of them are
- caught each year by trawling. Pelagic fish,
- such as tuna, live in the open sea, near the
- surface, and purse seine nets are used to
- catch them; the annual catch is over 30
- million tonnes a year. freshwater fishing
- There is large demand for salmon, trout,
- carp, eel, bass, pike, perch, and catfish.
- These inhabit ponds, lakes, rivers, or
- swamps, and some species have been
- successfully cultivated (fish farming).
- methods Lines, seine nets, and lift nets are
- the common commercial methods used. Purse
- seine nets, which close like a purse and may
- be as long as 30 nautical miles, have caused
- a crisis in the S Pacific where Japan,
- Taiwan, and South Korea fish illegally in
- other countries' fishing zones. history Until
- the introduction of refrigeration, fish was
- too perishable to be exported, and fishing
- met local needs only. Between 1950 and 1970,
- the global fish catch increased by an average
- of 7% each year. On refrigerated factory
- ships, filleting and processing can be done
- at sea. Japan evolved new techniques for
- locating shoals (by sonar and radar) and
- catching them (for example, with electrical
- charges and chemical baits). By the 1970s,
- indiscriminate overfishing had led to serious
- depletion of stocks, and heated
- confrontations between countries using the
- same fishing grounds. A partial solution was
- the extension of fishing limits to 320 km/200
- mi. The North Sea countries have experimented
- with the artificial breeding of fish eggs and
- release of small fry into the sea.
- Overfishing of the NE Atlantic led, in 1988,
- to hundreds of thousands of starving seals on
- the N coast of Norway. Marine pollution is
- blamed for the increasing number (up to 30%)
- of diseased fish in the North Sea.
-